Brigham Young

Do you know that individuals like the ‘American Jesus’ are historically rare to find in the world? Brigham Young is a man who led many into proclaiming the ‘good news’ of the Lord God of Israel. He led a band of men stripped of their worldly possessions into territories unknown. He had neither financial nor political backing but he was successful in establishing an industrious as well as an organized society. The only authority that he had was priesthood and of course his spiritual power.He gathered his people like a hen would to its chicks and gave them the sweet bread of life; the Gospel; the word of God (Arrington, L.  & Nibley H. nd). Brigham Young is one of the leading historical figures as far as the Mormon Religion is concerned.His life patterns well with that of Jesus Christ of Nazareth in the Bible in his mission to spread the word of God to every corner of the World. This essay therefore looks at Brigham Young’s life in relation to that of Jesus of Nazareth. Background To get a clear picture of the life patterns of Brigham, it is important to first get an insight of his background.Brigham Young was born on 1st June of the year 1801 in Whitingham in Vermont. He was the 9th born out of the eleven children that John Young with his wife Abigail Howe were blessed with. The family moved to New York when Brigham was only three years of age. He grew up helping his parents in their daily chores. His caring heart was revealed early when he took care of his ailing mother who had been suffering from tuberculosis. He was perhaps being prepared for his future role to take care of a larger flock. At the age of fourteen, his mother died and his father remarried.Brigham left from home to stay for sometime with a sister in Auburn. There he became a successful apprentice carpenter, glazier and a painter (Arrington, L. & Nibley H. nd). Later in 1823 he moved to New York where he worked as a carpenter and a painter in Port Byron. At twen ty three, he married Miriam Works (though he would later marry multiple wives after her death) and joined the Church of Methodist. After the birth of their first child, they moved to Oswego where he joined a religious seekers group. H e then moved his family near his father at Mendon.Joseph Smith the then leader of Mormon in his church mission passed by Mendon and left a copy of the Book of Mormons with a brother to Brigham. Brigham got access of the book and after going through it was greatly impressed. Two years later, he was baptized and became a believer of Mormon (Arrington, L. & Nibley H. nd). Following in the footsteps of Jesus of Nazareth Like Jesus Christ of Nazareth, Brigham had a burning desire to make known the gospel across the world.During his first summon just one week after he was baptized, Brigham declared that after baptism â€Å"I wanted to thunder and roar out the Gospel to the nations. It burned in my bones like fire pent up, so I commenced to preach†¦. No thing would satisfy me but to cry abroad in the world, what the Lord was doing in the latter days† Putting into practice his words, thundering and roaring of the gospel he did. Like Jesus leaving his father, Brigham left his family to go ‘abroad’ and establish God’s kingdom (Arrington, L. & Nibley H. nd). Like Jesus, his work in the service of God started in his home town and then spread abroad.His preaching missions carried him to every corner of Mendon. His dedication as well as his potential qualified him to join the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the Mormon Church of Joseph Smith. The Twelve’s duty was to travel far and wide to spread the gospel. They preached to all nations and to people of different kinds. Their stay was not at home but away where the gospel had not reached. Afterwards, The Twelve moved to Great Britain to act as missionaries of the word of God. Brigham had left his family in dire poverty and was determined to reach England o r better die in his trying to.He was ready to die Jesus’ way for a cause which he believed in; spread the Gospel. In Britain, Brigham out of his prowess directed all the works of The Twelve. In the same footsteps of Jesus of Nazareth, he had greatly inspired The Twelve and no wonder they made him their leader and overseer (Arrington, L. & Nibley H. nd). When the Twelve Apostles came back to Nauvoo, Brigham was assigned the role of directing the apostles by Joseph Smith in their missionary work as well as other activities like land purchasing and construction projects.Playing Jesus, Brigham was now the leader of the Twelve Disciples. He was the assistant of Joseph Smith who was the First president as far as authority and responsibility was concerned. It is thus clear that he took the second position after Joseph Smith which placed him in a similar position with that of Jesus; Jesus was also the second after God. This position made him more influential to not only his disciples but also in the whole of Nauvoo and abroad in general. Even after the death of his Spiritual Father, Joseph died; he remained the leader of the Twelve until his own death in 1877.They travelled far and wide preaching the Gospel, the work that they had been called to do. Long afterwards, the work that Brigham had started continued. Before he had died, he had organized the leadership of the church of Mormon. He had lived a life by the example of Jesus Christ and fitted perfectly in the footsteps of The Son of God (Arrington, L. & Nibley H. nd). Despite his good work, just like many other Mormonism men, Brigham used his status to take in plural wives. He used his missionary work as a tool to take advantage of vulnerable women.For instance, his second wife Mary was a window. Just like in Jesus’ time, when many, claiming to be the Son of God and savior took advantage of the poor and sinful, Brigham is not an exception of those who took advantage of the doctrine (Mormon Heteric, 2 009). Was Brigham true or a False Prophet? Could Brigham have been a prophet of darkness? The words in the Bible in the book of Deuteronomy 13: 1-5 can help clear the confusion between a true and a false prophet. It says that a prophet may foretell things to happen in the future and they shall come to pass.However, a man may have miraculous powers but not actually a prophet of the Lord. Any of the prophets who encourage the worshiping of other gods apart from the God of Israel is false. Jesus himself in the gospels is quoted warning that â€Å"many will come in my name, saying, ‘I am the Messiah’ and they will lead many astray† according to the works of Brigham and in the limelight of these statements, does Brigham qualify as a prophet of God? (Ulachos, 1979). In history, a few poses the character of Young. For a period of thirty years, he gave himself wholly to the service of the Lord.He claimed to be a prophet in the Church of Mormon. Though he was the chair of the of the Mormon Church who presided the longest, he in fact taught false doctrine that directed its worship to a god who is not the Lord God of Israel. He had given a sermon that God and Jesus had physical bodies made of bone as well as flesh. He concluded that Adam was in fact the God of Israel who should be worshipped. The claim by Brigham that Adam was God makes it clear that he was not a true prophet of the Lord; he was false and uninspired.Because of his belief, Brigham fell out with his disciples and still many opposed him (Ulachos, 1979). More so, he put it that Jesus Christ was begotten of the father who was their God. Adam was God and therefore, Jesus was his son. Many people did not like his interpretation of the New Testament and they opposed him. However, he managed to draw a group of them to believe that Adam was their God and Jesus his son. They defended him saying that people had misunderstood Young.If he had made a mistake, he would have corrected himself which he never did. This meant that his mind was right. His preaching of his own interpretation of the gospel from what was written down in the New Testament makes him no exception of a false prophet (Ulachos, 1979). Conclusion Brigham Young’s work in spreading the Gospel of the Lord God of Israel pictures well with that of Jesus Christ of Nazareth.He set out to do what many at the time could not have done and that is why to the present day, he is remembered in the Mormon Doctrine as one who made a great impact to the Church. Through the Gospel works, he rose from a humble background to a man who could sustain and give his twenty families a good life. Some of his teachings leave people wondering whether he was a true prophet of the Lord God as he claimed to be. However over the centuries, it has been an almost impossible task to identify who a false prophet is.References Arrington, L. & Nibley H. (nd). Brigham Young. Retrieved from http://www. lightplanet. com/mormons/people/brigham_ young. html Mormon Heteric. (2009). Economics of polygamy, divorce, and happiness. Retrieved http://www. mormonheretic. org/2009/11/15/economics-of-polygamy-divorce-and-happiness-daynes-part-4/- Ulanchos, C. (1979). Brigham Young’s False Teaching: Adam is God. Retrieved http://www. beyondweird. com/occult/adam. html

Pros and Cons of Television

For most people, watching television is an enjoyable way to spend time. It is an undemanding activity that passes the time and there are very few families that don’t own at least one television. Since so many people now own a television, there has been a proliferation in the number of channels available and shows to watch, so that you can quite easily find yourself spending hours in front of the television.Consequently, you may neglect other activities that need doing. Thus, although television may help to ease boredom, there are also some negative aspects associated with watching television.Breaking news shown live on your TVGlobal news network allows the latest global events to be aired worldwide and beamed directly to your living room. Examples (from top-left, clockwise) include September 11th attack, 2004 Tsunami in Indonesia, 2008 H1N1 outbreak and 2011 earthquake in Japan.Pros of watching televisionThe positive aspects of watching television include that you have somethi ng to talk to friends and relatives about. There are certain programs which are more popular than others and if you watch them you feel included and that you have something in common with the people around you. Television can help to foster a sense of national identity, since a significant proportion of the population will be exposed to the same kinds of news programs and television shows, so that people feel that they belong to a wider community. Plus, television can also be informative and educational, opening people’s eyes up to the world outside.Educational TV programsEducational TV programs provide priceless information that not only educate but also opens up your mind. Most of these programs teach and educate people on subjects that you may otherwise will not know and are never taught in schools.Cons of watching televisionNon-educational TV programsHowever, there are also a lot of television shows that are not very educational, and could even be considered trash. Realit y shows, for instance, offer nothing of any worth to the audience, yet people still tune in. People get hooked on shows which are poorly produced and concentrate mostly on issues of sex and violence. Although there is no conclusive evidence that watching violence on television makes children more violent, when there is so much violence on television, it makes sense that people would become desensitized to it, and that this could make it easier for children to engage in violent activities.Watching too much TV can lead to weight gain, poor social skills and lower academic results Unsupervised children spending too much of their time in front of a TV can have a big impact on their life. Obesity, lack of social skills and poor academic results are just some of the effects TV have on children. Some psychologist believe that too much TV time can have a major effect in the psychology of the child. Children are suppose to interact and play, not sit and watch.Poor parenting and weight gainIt is also evident that many people spend too much time watching television, so that parents don’t bother to spend any time playing or talking with their children. It is far easier to stick them in front of the television, rather than taking them to the park. It can’t be a coincidence that so many people are now overweight when they spend much more time watching television than they would have done years ago. People used to be a lot more active, but now television is the most convenient way for individuals to keep themselves occupied. Thus, they burn hardly any calories while most probably consuming an excessive amount of calories.It’s addictiveEven though there are many negative aspects associated with watching television, many people enjoy television far too much to reduce the amount  they watch or to avoid watching television altogether. People enjoy not having to think for themselves and to be able to sit down and watch something that helps them to relax, so why would they change?

Describe why schools have policies and procedures Essay

Identify the main types of state and independent schools and describe the characteristics of different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance. The majority of state funded schools are maintained by local authorities and follow the national curriculum, national pay and conditions, they are overseen by local authority. The differences over state schools are who their staff, who owns the land and buildings and who controls admissions for example. Community schools are run by local authority and the local authorities employs the staff, owns the land and buildings and decide the admission policy. However, foundation and trust schools are run by the governing body but are maintained by local authority. They employ their own staff and decide their own admissions policy and the land and building are usually owned by the governing body or charity and is non-profitable. Both examples follow the national curriculum and the educational key stages. Key stage 1: 3-5 yrs Key stage 2: 5-7 yrs Key stage 3&4: 11-16 yrs Key stage 5: 16-18yrs Every state school has a governing body, the type and size of the school will decide the size of the governing body. The responsibilities vary for example community schools governing body consists of a specific number of governors for various categories, the following categories are parent governor, staff governor, authority governor and community governor. Foundation and trust schools usually decide their own governing body. Both have the role of monitoring schools process and setting targets. So basically they are both state school, but local authority runs community and foundation and run by governing body but maintained my LEA. Independent schools are not maintained by local authority or central government, they do not have to follow national curriculum but most choose to do so. The head and the governors decide on admission policies and staffing and the framework and structure of the school, they are obliged to register with the DfE so they can be monitored by ISI. They are profit  running schools and some have charitable status so they can apply for tax relief. Most independent schools educational stages are as follows: Prep school: 4-11yrs Senior school: 11-16yrs Sixth form: 16-18yrs The different types of independent schools are based on where the schools funding comes from for example. Parochial schools are mostly funded by religious groups and managed by the religious institution to which they belong. The schools are usually governed by interim executive board of governors where they have foundation governors which are appointed by the religion they are associated with. One of the main missions would be to teach the religion the school is associated with. Whereas proprietary or private career schools they are profit based schools and the schools directors are not ruled by the governing body if they choose to have a governing body. The main mission for these schools would be occupationally related education and market related. Whereas if proprietary school choose to have a governing body it is a limited system of governance, they are chosen by the governing body there and the proprietor with the proprietor having the final say in all matters.

Organizational Behavior in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Behavior in the Workplace - Essay Example 3). While these three steps aim to improve a product, they also compel the manager to learn about organizational behavior. Organizational behavior refers to â€Å"the study of factors,† which influences employee behavior, as well as the factors that affect the response of the organization towards the behavior displayed by the employees. In reality, employees have positive and negative experiences in the workplace environment that may affect their motivation (George & Jones, 2012, p. 3). This situation makes it necessary for managers to develop organizational behavior tools, which may be taken up in the short term, and long term; tools that hopefully may mitigate the negative, and increase the positive experiences of employees in the workplace environment (George & Jones, 2012, p. 4). The manager has to begin at the individual level, and apply short term organizational behavior tools that will help unveil an employee’s personality. Personality inventories may be conducte d to gauge the personality of an employee. In this method, the reaction of employees regarding statements that are in line with personality dimensions will be asked that will reveal their level of agreement or disagreement (Ashraf, n.d., p. 157). An assessment centre can also be developed that will guide employees in their career choices (Folsom & Boulware, 2004, p. 21). These tools will help the manager in developing motivational strategies that are in keeping with the preferences of the employees. Personality inventories and the evaluations done in the assessment centre are usually administered for a short period. After the individual level, organizational behavior tools that are intended to address issues at the group level have to follow, and be implemented for a long period. After the process of personality evaluation and enhancement, the manager has to focus on work motivation, and this has to include all employees. One way to enhance employee motivation level is by building q uality circles. Quality circles refer to â€Å"semi autonomous work groups† comprised of employees from the same work areas who regularly gather to talk over issues connected with their work responsibilities (Ashraf, n.d., p. 158). Constant communication is imperative to build a socially-dynamic workplace environment. The manager should encourage subordinates to form quality circles to inspire employees to engage themselves in activities that will help them connect with other employees and the company. It will be hard on the part of the managers to implement changes if employees do not fully trust them or the organization. Trust is something that can never be bought through extravagant rewards, or through flowery words. The trust of the employees to the capacity of the managers in dealing with the happenings within the organization is essential to keep them motivated and to retain them for a long period. As one of the foundations of an organization, the manager has to take pa rt in shaping â€Å"a culture of trust† (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2013, p. 203). This is an effective big picture strategy that if applied will bring positive transformation in the workplace environment. When there is a culture of trust, rapport is increased, and the relationship between the manager and employee becomes better. One way to build the trust of employees

Recent Articles analysis, macroecomonics Term Paper

Recent Articles analysis, macroecomonics - Term Paper Example This is a requirement by the constitution of the United States of America to ensure efficiency in all the government operations while being concerned about the economy of the state. As per the Anti-deficiency Act and the constitution, the federal government is permitted to start shutdown of activities related to appropriations that are not yet enacted into legislation. This process of a government shutdown has led to some operations that are usually funded by the annual appropriations being aborted causing loss of casual jobs by some citizens (Cornwell and Lawder). Some operations which receive their funds from the government by law and not annual appropriations may also be disrupted by the funding gap. These are programs that have activities which rely on annually appropriated funds for operations. A good example is the social security which may need funds from time to time to run upcoming operations in this field. When the government shuts down many federal employees lose their jobs as some have their payments delayed. The furlough has an adverse impact on the economy as the government is a major employer in the state, and this would mean increased unemployment rates (Cornwell and Lawder). Since the government shutdowns started in the United States, there have been 18 such funding gaps with President Obama’s government having only one in 2013. This was when the Congress declined to pass crucial funding bills for the ObamaCare program due to disagreement on the funding by the Senate and the White House. A recent threat of the government shutdown has been experienced in late November 2014. Part of the Senate and senior Republican officials are at loggerheads on funding of the Department of Homeland Security. Some of them are asking for a long-term funding of the Homeland Security programs while others are seeking to offer a short-term funding. This follows as President Obama has an immigration order to lift the deportation of illegal immigrants in the United

Legal foundations in business and the discovery of limited liability Assignment

Legal foundations in business and the discovery of limited liability company - Assignment Example As such, the concept of LLC has since prompted several states and countries to adopt legal provisions and control statues that would pave way for active business investments in otherwise risky ventures that individuals could not ordinarily undertake single handed. The main focus of this discovery revolves around the ideals of protection accorded to members of the LLC in their corporate investment endeavours, especially with borrowed capital. With that in mind, this paper examines the significance of the aforesaid quote of Nicholas Murray with reference to relevant case law and legislative provisions. In particular, the paper looks at how private law exerts legal control on business entities. Besides, the essay examines a variety of legal structures that LLCs adopt in reality to support their business interest in pursuit of profitable ventures that are typically risky and capital intensive. The paper concludes with an epigrammatic analysis of the extent of liability that the LLC or it s members may owe indirect investors like banks, other creditors and customers and victims of tortuous acts of the LLC members. Limited Liability Company According to Grossman (1995, p.63), a limited liability company commonly denoted as LLC refers to a legally incorporated business entity with an infinite number of members enjoying protection of liability to the extent of their investment contribution in the business. Technically, an LLC is not a corporate entity per se but a type of unincorporated association that enjoys limited liability. In practice and legal context, LLC has a definite lifetime upon which the business must dissolve on expiry of the stipulated period (Dmitry & Plekhanov 2008, p.18). In terms of structural formation, a limited liability company may also be defined as a business entity that replicates certain features of a company and partnership. As a corporation, the LLC is characterised by limited liability. Whereas the business is more flexible than a typical corporation, a limited liability company possess that the partnership component of pass-through income taxation modalities as reiterated by Hannigan (2003, p.79). Although all its members enjoy limited liability, an individual member of a limited liability company may personally be held responsible for tortuous acts committed by him or by agents specifically under his direct supervision (Lobban 1996, p.401). Of course, this provision is only applicable for torts committed in the normal course of duty and for activities directly related to the business of the LLC. If follows therefore that the law shall protect other members from the liabilities of the responsible individual member or members, whichever is applicable. In even that significant liability has arisen in lieu of the LLC activities, the entity may be subjected to the theory of piercing the corporate veil (Keatinge et al. 1992, p.377). This is however less common when dealing with LLC as opposed to classic corporations due to the fact that limited liability companies do not have several complex formalities to observe. Nevertheless, an LLC may not circumvent the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil when its members had initially commingled their capital in the risky venture for which liability has risen (Halpern et al. 1980, p.122). Depending on the context of its operating agreement, the charging order mechanism

A decade of development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A decade of development - Assignment Example With the introduction of the Microsoft suite of products that were designed to be used on a license basis and the resultant need for patches and upgrades met only through paying for the same instead of having a way to program the upgrades by the users themselves. Particularly telling is the instance of how Richard Stallman could not insert his code into the working of the printer software thereby having to wait for the upgrade from the manufacturer. This example typifies the approach of free software activists towards the concept of paying for the software. They insist that the source code of the software must be made available to everyone and those additions and insertions to the source code should provide a way of customizing the software according to the needs of each individual. Similarly, Lessig’s approach of making the content free is discussed as well. Lessig’s approach is the backbone of what is called as the â€Å"creative commons† license. According to this paradigm, content should be free of commercial attributions and once the source code or the content is developed, anyone should be free to add his or her code or content to the existing base and use the modified version without paying any fees. Of course, the creative commons license specifies how the original developer needs to be acknowledged for his or her work and in the later years; this became a bone of contention as well. The most famous example of free content and one that can be editable by anybody is the case of Wikipedia. This is an online encyclopaedia that anyone can edit and add information to the existing body of knowledge. Considering the fact that this site is one of the most popular sites on the internet and the visitors to this site run into the millions, the concept of free content and open knowledge has indeed caught on. However, as the article points out, there were several hiccups along the way as evidenced by the

Claiming feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Claiming feminism - Essay Example A feminist woman is, thus, someone who does not appear to be agreeable in any way and who indulges in fighting over every little issue, making it, it seems her worldview to argue with everyone. This stereotype has done quite a lot to damage the cause of feminism, and thus women liberation. Moreover, it is because of this stereotypical feminist that not only men, but women also, find themselves considering feminism and everything related to it in a very negative light. The myth is ever present and there seems to be a need to end it, however, just how it is to be done successfully, and just how one can convince the general population about the pivotal role of feminists when it comes to changing the worldview regarding women in general are questions that need to be answered with a lot of thought and consideration. During the 1970s and 1980s, the feminist movement found much success; women joined a struggle to create a world where they were the equal counterparts of men, and where they were not discriminated against based on their sex. These women, the pioneer feminists one can call them maybe, paved the road for those that came after them; they fought for equal rights when it came to employment, for wages that were equal to their male counterparts, for protection against sexual harassment against women. In short, all matters that were considered to be an issue for any women were considered to be part of the feminist agenda as well. The feminists were at a war-path, so to speak, to eradicate all forms of sexism found in their society. This was, indeed, a noble cause, however, it has been much maligned and misunderstood, and perhaps that is the reason of it being suspect to a lot of people. In her article â€Å"Fear of Feminism,† Lisa Maria Hogeland discusses just how hard it is for the woman of today to join the feminist movement. Many women of today do not

The Negative Effects of Gluten in Food Research Paper

The Negative Effects of Gluten in Food - Research Paper Example As a result, the gluten sensitive people fall victim to different diseases like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Generally, intestinal biopsy is conducted in people to detect if they are sensitive to gluten. Researches are underway to know more about how gluten affects the health of a person. The best way to avoid diseases for a gluten sensitive patient is to be on a gluten-free diet. Many researchers and physicians have been pondering lately over the considerable rise of diseases like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies among common people. There is much discussion ongoing in the medical world as to the major cause of such chronic diseases. Gluten is thought to be one factor which is recognized to be causing these diseases in people who are allergic to it. Research suggests the negative effects of gluten in food are obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Gluten causes damage to the small intestine and starts giving off symptoms in people who are gluten sensitive. The damaged intestine give way to inadequate absorption of nutrition and the gluten sensitive person suffers from different diseases. Gluten is a form of protein which is generally found in wheat, barley and rye. It can be said that it is found in many types of cereals and various types of bread. However, gluten is not present in all types of food from the grain family. Some grains like rice, millet, corn quinoa and oats do not contain gluten. Hunter (1987) states that â€Å"One of the gluten’s main protein fractions is gliadin, which is a complex mixture†(pg. 3). Books (2005) explains that â€Å"Gluten is a type of protein found in wheat, barley, rye, triticale and oats†(pg.7). When this protein is metabolized in the body of a certain person, it can at times give a tremendous problem.  Ã‚  

Human Geography Oxford City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Geography Oxford City - Essay Example Tourist and other visitors do their shopping at Covered Market; it is one among the several historic centers in Oxford. The tower has been locating in a strategic place in relation to the landscape of the land and the same applies to St. Mary's the Virgin University Church. The architectures of the time were very considerate in designing view points which are currently being used as centers of interest yet they were built hundred of years back. Below is an aerial view of High Street.Oxford City is ever green; the local government has worked hard to conserve the environment by designing nature walks and parks within the ring road. Nature reserves are over 28 in number both within the City and outside. Some of the major parks are South Parks, University Parks, Rock edge reserves, Shotover Reserve. These show how the citizens of the City together with the City governance have worked hard to maintain the natural environment. Any one tempting to tamper with the natural environment faces h igh charges to be a lesson to others. Here is a photo of the green City. In reference to human geography, Oxford city is a city that has considered it in a great way. The design of the City, as well as the activity that takes place within the City, are all admirable, it can critically be used by scholars to define the meaning of human geography because there are a couple of practical example to the subject. This branch of social science is complicated and without examples, it would be difficult for students to comprehend all it details.

Statistics for Managers Class Discussion wk1 Essay

Statistics for Managers Class Discussion wk1 - Essay Example Two separate samples were used in the study. The total number of women and girls in the study are 2657 and 1008 respectively (Wiley, 2011). After the analysis, it was established that the association between the occurrence of milk intake of infants aged between 5-12 years and age at the first occurrence of menstruation was weak. There are numerous instances where statistics has been used in business. For instance, Barger King used information gathered from customers to determine their buying trends and preferences. This information was obtained from their credit cards as they are always required to provide their private information. The company successfully managed to gather information from their credit cards. The impact of their statistics is that they managed to improve their sales (Anderson, Sweeney & Williams, 2012). After obtaining relevant information, the company identified areas with many potential customers and their preferences. One of the true values of statistics in business is the operational value. Numerous organizations depend on IT systems to control data, ease payment process and run operations. Unpredicted logjams can take place when IT runs an essential system improvement. It means that the execution will stop and momentarily preventing business from operating efficiently. To solve this problem, organizations use IT systems with statistical procedures to determine the probable cause of the bottlenecks before their operations are interrupted. Other operational advantages of statistics include correct demand estimation and satisfactory inventory

The capability of culture Essay Example for Free

The capability of culture Essay The capability of culture to transcend and influence people’s action and decision making processes remain to be seen since time in memorial. It tries to reach out into many diverse fields of study and tries to exemplify an explanation that these things are influenced by numerous perceptions, action and ideals present during a particular time frame. It is through this that culture can be argued to have a practical value or utility. In understanding this relationship, one must be keen to understand its notion. Since the term refers to the shared beliefs, ideals, and practices of groups of individuals at a given particular time, they continuously try to shape the actions of society as a whole (Klamer, 2002). One important notion that culture has a practical value because it individual actions can be interpreted using the sociological notion. People can create decision making processes that are influenced by the norms and traditions a particular group advocates (Klamer 2002). Similarly, its practical value spreads into different branches as individuals tries to perceive an understanding that though their action may have been independent and individualistic in orientation, it is a collective effort because their decisions are governed by numerous factors that are equally important and needs to be considered (Klamer, 2002). In addition, our own actions can be embodiments and catalyst for the creation of a new trend that can help to either catapult or move the idea of culture forward or backward. Our individual and collective decisions can contribute to the how we address the value of culture in our lives. Due to this, we can either contribute to the redefinition of what we perceive is the value of culture or play a part in formally establishing the link of the term in its utility and overall impact in our lives. Reference Klamer, A. (2002) Value of Culture. Retrieved November 17, 2008. 465-469.

Neoliberalism Ideology Of Privatisation

Neoliberalism Ideology Of Privatisation In favour of Globalisation, the Neoliberals suggest that the privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital is desirable and inevitable from a socio economic development. 1.0 Introduction One of the main outcomes of neo-liberalism in IPE (International political Economy) in economic reforms is Privatisation. To develop my argument, I will look at the arguments of neo-liberalism in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital through globalisation. The idea of globalisation has grown to be one of the generally effective in socio economic development as well as raises the global cross boarder in term of social, economic and cultural. To day the terms World economy, world market and globalisation are commonplace, appearing in the sound bites of politicians (Dunn: 188). The debate of the above three vectors relate with economic competition and privatisation try to increase world interdependent and become desirable and inevitable process. Afterwards globalisation is rising attractive a controversial subject whether it can really be important in socio economic development and improve human welfare. A number of scholars in this part come across not so convincingly to provide or even concur that relation between globalisation and privatisation in terms of free competition and free trade (worldwide capital mobility) lead to economic effectiveness, welfare and democracy. To my understanding, globalisation is an important but not adequate circumstance to hasten socio economic. PURPOSE. The foundation of this essay is to essentially examine how aspects of globalisation with privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital are either important desirable in socio economic improvement. The essay will begin by introducing the concepts of globalisation and will explain Neoliberals perspective on globalisation and its effects on socio economic using different readings, lectures, Journals and my individual observation concerning to the issue. The primary part of this essay will demonstrate the neoliberal arguments in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital and its contribution of economic o the process of accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. Secondly, it will examine some view and criticism and or challenges associated from other perspectives for concerning arguments. Finally, I will draw a conclusion based on review findings. 1.2 CONCEPTS. The idea of globalisation is global change relate with connections of social, cultural, economic and political between actors across the globe. (Robinson: 1999). According to Todaro, globalisation is increasing integrations of national economies into expanding international markets. The above information explains that the process of globalisation try to make a global single set. Indeed Gill accepts that globalisation is part of broad process of restructuring of state and civil society and political economy culture. He emphasizes that It is ideology largely consistent with the world view and political priorities of large- scale internationally mobile forms of capital. Mobility of resources is very crucial in development, investment and services for increasing internationally interconnection and commonly world economy. The OECD1 handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators explained that the term globalisation has been widely used to describe the increasing internationalisation of fin ancial market and of markets for goods and services. In this regards the integrations of capital labour and financial services is very important for economic inter-reliance. The Concept of neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last two decade. Martinez 1996. Indeed (Cerny, 2008), explained that, during 1980s neo-liberalism was related with International Relation while 1990s focus on economic and liberalisation in International Political Economy. Thorsen agrees that is used to describe a range of policies and an economic philosophy that stress international free trade, economic liberalism or capitalism and the promotion of such through deregulation privatisation and liberalisation of nation economies. He highlights that, the term neo liberalism also used to imply that is a new form of economic liberalism more commonly known as capitalism but on global scale. In this logic the neoliberals relate with open of trans-nationalisation of capital and liberation of enterprises and state linking the appearance of market civilisation. Mean while, (Gill1995) agrees that neoliberal macroeconomic policies, aligned to the ideology of the competition state, hence the competition through the privatisation is more essential and enhance global interconnection on socio economic growth. According to sheikh (2004) neoliberals dominants modern globalisation. Its practices are justified by asset of theoretical claim rooted in standard economic theory. Market is represented as optimal and self regulating social structure. It is claimed that if market must be allowed to function with out restraint. Therefore, neoliberals believe that the role of government is to provide public service and markets will adjustment naturally. Neo-liberalism perspective with globalisation reflects on international competitiveness, the policy might engage in recreation of a role in improving international economy. Hirst (2009) at el accepts that, to neo-liberalism international competitiveness as the characteristic modality of international economic governance. It involves political compromise including diplomatic bargaining between countries to establish compromises on trade policy as exemplified by the GATT mechanism. A long with this for neo-liberalism emphasis on the political bargaining is very significant the exercise of international market entrance. 2. Privatisation and Trans-nationalisation of Capital. Before the description and explanation of the neo-liberalism arguments in favour of privatisation. I will describe in short the meaning of privatisation In generally. According to Todaro 2009 the privatisation of state owned enterprises in the production and financial sectors, hinges on orthodox hypothesis that private ownership brings greater efficiency and more rapid growth In addition he emphasise that privatisation improves efficiency, increase outputs and lower costs to reduce public internal and external debt, and promotes individuals initiatives while rewarding entrepreneurship. In this regards states by implementing this policy leads to improve growth and increase in the rational choice for consumer and socio economic level. Martinez (1996) agrees that privatisation sell state-owned enterprises, goods and services to private investors. This includes banks, key industries, railroads, toll highways, electricity, schools, hospitals and even fresh water. Although usually done in the name of greater efficiency, which is often needed, privatization has mainly had the effect of concentrating wealth even more in a few hands and making the public pay even more for its needs. In general privatisation is very crucial on world economy yet it is increasingly becoming a debated issue whether it can improve the economy or make it is worse situation especially in developing Countries. Related with trans-nationalisation of capital is a kind of recent capitalism connected with hegemonic tool for analysis of transitional economy. Capital transnationalisation can be transferred through different type in terms of and goods and service capital, financial capital, and productive capital. Bina (1991) agrees that there are three ways of trans-nationalisation in world economy (i) Concentration and centralisation of capital both in manufacturing (industrial capital) and financial capital. (ii) The formation of finance capital and further development of credits system for expanded reproduction and the consequent internationalisation of all circuits of capital and globalisation and production through the medium of transnational cooperation (TNCs). However economic labour movement and financial flow become considerable society in the age of globalisation. Labour is directly related to the reason of advanced capitalism. This requires an inspection of requirements of the politica l economy of today trans-nationalisation. Cerny 2008 argue that for neo-liberalism contemporary politics entails both a process of choosing between version of neo-liberalism, and the attempt to innovate creativity within the new neoliberal playing field including open trade capital flows embedded financial orthodoxy, the regulatory state, privatisation and hybrid forms of governance are the bottom line of neo-liberalism. In theory, it offers prediction of amendment of political institutions increase of economic globalisation. The argument of neo-liberalism paradigm base on free market and privatisation has encouraging effects in social impartiality. Moreover they believe in freedom of movement for capital commodities, it advocates the opportunity of economies and competition in the world market in situation of complete freedom. Hirst agrees that economic performance measures through competitiveness. Idea of competitiveness relate with comparative advantages that is different countries lead each country will capable to acquire other product at al lower resources cost less hours. Moreover, Makwana (2006) agrees that neoliberals claims that privatized services are more capable than those run by state. They consider that market competition and collaborate effectiveness can drive prices drive prices down for consumers. Furthermore, the eventual goal of neoliberal economic globalisation to eliminate of all barriers to trade and the privatisation of all accessible resources and service. In addition, Cerny 2008. state that, neo-liberalism focus on relatively dogmatic, enforced laissez-faire doctrine, it involves first of all an acceptance that we live in multilevel, more open and market like globalisation world in which informal and negotiated policy process prevails for neoliberals open market and globalisation is very significant for neoliberal market civilisation (Gill 1995) which is linking social well being on broad around the world economy system. Another explanation from (Cerny: 2008) reiterates that, neoliberals public policies, whether at national, regional or international level do not merely constrains but also bring opportunities. In theory, through Structural Adjustment policies allows poor to possess and be accountable for recovering their lives changes themselves relatively than the system. As I mentioned earlier that, transformation of capital may occur in term of manufacturing and financial aspects there is empirical evidence that some of countries benefited with privatisation policy. (Calva: 2003) accepts that, in Costa Rica four company privatise and reported that increasing 9 percentages of GDP in 1998.this means that shares of GDP reduce deficit in GDP. Another evidence which (Calva 2003) provided that increase of production in industrial sector, he highlighted that Russian and Mexico is among of countries achieved in by privatisation. The above example provided, demonstrate for neoliberals ideology of privatisation had positive aspects in economic sector. Different with neoliberals perspectives, realist theories highlighted that competitiveness and privatisation is not a solution for social well being on broad around the world. Bayliss (2005) agreed that, in developing countries, privatisation, in common with the wider neo-liberal policy agenda, has failed to meet expectations. Privatisation efforts have been undermined by various factors, including weak political commitment, poor investor supply response and institutional challenges. He emphasis that since the late 1990s, the language of privatisation has softened (as, for example, private sector participation has replaced privatisation). In additional to that, realism scholars argues that globalisation has not succeeded to promote market economy in world market. It gears an inequality of market between North and South. Stiglitz agrees there is disproportionate share of benefits, at the expense of the developing worlds. Therefore a consequence of this situation consequence was some poorest countries in the world turn into worse off. Private investment sector is useful in socio economic especially for countries that lacks of capital, including piece of equipments and expertise. Stiglitz (2006:) accepts that, for privatisation policy of world economy to meet the demand for their skill labour increase, and wages of unskilled labour become higher he emphasized that if labour moves from a country where productivity and wages are low to one where they are high, the increase in out put can be enormous and worlds economy grows. The Marxist perspectives, argues that privatisation is related with capital accumulation. Dunn 2006 agrees that private capitalist accumulate capital by making investment decisions within logic of profit maximization. He emphasizes that privatisation in capitalist counties dont directly interfere in investments decisions or in the market, but rather provide legitimation and order, using its power primary to guarantee external defense and internal peace consistence with the institutions of private property, therefore they emphasizes that globalisation serves an interest maximisation of profit inter of capital trans-nationalisation and intercontinental trade other than ideology. For Marxist discipline, globalisation relates with expansion of capital accumulation and should be profitable the working class Hossein (2005) agrees that for many Marxist in recent decades, capitalism is key its nature a globally expanding system geared to accumulation on a world scale. To some extent Marxist believe that ideology of competition between capitalist countries facilitate currently instability for the world capitalist economy. 3.0: Critics of Globalisation, Privatisation and trans-nationalisation. This paper has assessed the privatisation and trans-nationalisation idea of neoliberals facilitate socio economic world. Policy of privatisation to large extent the development helps to increase job creation, trade competition and rational choice for consumer. Yet it features some challenges. As I illustrated in the beginning, trans-nationalisation of capital is kind of hegemonic capitalist system, this is more appropriate part of global political economy in capitalist production and finance. This reflects the rising domination of transnational cooperation (TNC) of having hegemonic actors (North part) in world economy. Roboson 2004 agrees that, there is evidence that a transnational class is gaining hegemony over local- and national-based capitalists including the spread of TNCs, increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), cross border mergers and acquisitions, transnational interlocked directorships, and strategic alliances. This situation changes stability of classes forces that has completed likely that attack on unions. For neoliberals structural Adjustments policies is appropriate and its implementation but in reality the application of Shock therapy implementation of SAP in Africa and other areas resulted in increase in economic shock and other abjection results Protozos 2004 agreed that over 15 years of IMF / World Bank management of Tanzanias economy saw its per capital GDP drop from $ 309 to $ 210 and rate of abject poverty jumped to 51 percent of the population. Moreover the Implementation of SAP are forced as condition for loans, hence the repayments of loans affects budget of the developing countries. In addition Protozons argue that SAP structural Adjustment Programme are imposed renegotiating debts, and on condition that the receipts country accepts privatisation, capital market liberalisation, market based pricing and reduction in subsidies for public services such as water, food and utilities. This has therefore resulted was disintegration of their economies and hence catastrophic for developing countries. Competiveness of trade is myth to increase sustainable of true competitiveness. Unfortunately, this major reason that leads to divergences and differences between North and South. Hirst 2009 agrees that, the emerging market economies might threaten the competitive position of the traditional developed countries of the North, which in countries is threatened by cheap goods and labour, the growth of South cheap goods and labour which one of aspects hinder trade competition. Indeed Curtis 2005 argues that in Pakistan increasing foreign competition in fisheries a sector is edging 300,000 local fisher folk out of market. This evaluate that private company distorted local market since local companies does not compete due to different obstacles. Private investment sector was usual to consequence in job formation. In reality restructuring has been accompanied with retrenchments. Stiglitz (2006) accepts that, privatisation policy failed to meet commitments to world economy to many development countries around the world when they liberalized so fast that the private sector did not have time to respond and create new jobs, or when interest rates were so high that the private sector could not affords to make the investments necessary to create new jobs. There fore unemployment rate increases in economic system. 4. Conclusion. In conclusion this paper argues on that globalisation and privatisation and trans-nationalisation in world economy. To a great degree, privatisation helps to facilitate and improves in different sectors management job opportunities socio and economic development growth in North side rather then South side. Above of the mentioned challenges / critics and other factors may cause that implementation of globalisation and tarns-nationalisation and privatisation be uneven. Moreover, the concept of globalisation exhibits affirmative forms of thought, including economic effectiveness, wellbeing and democracy. For neo-liberalism ideology of privatisation is away cut off hegemonic power between North and South which exist, yet the process seem failed to meet its commitments. Furthermore, the elementary strategy of neoliberal is focusing on rising freedom both political and economic aspects. The practice and performance of neoliberal ideology has been reliable every where in the world. Privatisation in developing countries is universal with the wide neoliberals strategy programme has failed to meet expectation. (Curtis 2005) accepts that, In South Africa, water privatisation has meant that half of million people were cut off non payment of their water bills during of their water bills during a three month period in 2001 out break of cholera has been also been reported as families resort to drawing water pollution rivers. In this regards, the policy move emerged in response to apparent failures in the public sector particular in Sub Sahara Africa. Finally, I have drawn the conclusion, why neoliberal thought of globalisation through free trade policy not working? And what can be done in order to make globalisation run for more people. In my view damaged by different factors, together with weak political obligation, underprivileged investor supply response and institutional challenges. However there is tendency of TNCs exercise several strategies to reduce their declared income in developing country including transfer pricing and be liable to move most of declared profits elsewhere of the host country. On top on that, developing countries should provide sufficient data for foreign investors; hence it helps more promoted achievement. In developing countries, privatisation can place substantial demands on an already stretched and destabilized public sector, both in terms of functioning and rule of the privatised enterprises. Therefore manufacturing sector productivity is smaller and low-income economies due, in part, to an amalgamation of hi-tech dependence What do poor countries require to perform to reap the utmost benefit from globalisation? For my view that, developed countries should to reduce boundaries against import of African products. Public Sectors including provision of water, education and health might be clearly excluded from privatisation. Poor countries have to have right of entry to substantial special action to look after their frail economies from foreign competition. Developed countries should implements the Article 66 of TRIPS2 agreement, which requires developed countries to make available incentives encouraging transfer of technology. In addition to that, industrial countries should implement well article 22, 23, and 24 Howard 2009 agrees that, article 22,23,24 allow government to protect good name of product from certain regions in their countries, this helps developing countries to have a property of use of trade mark and geographical protection for produce a specific commodities. Last but not least a major aspect for implementation of privatisation is political stability. Ajay 2001 argue that, Good governance and accountability and trustworthy and independency of national institutions is very crucial condition for growth. To summarise, state should play its role well, where market failure and international developments agencies try to equalized and avoided to implements globalisation and other policies by dominants of unilaterally or us hegemony.

Organisational behaviour for Woolworths

Organisational behaviour for Woolworths Introduction Woolworths Woolworths was a high-street retail chain, which at its height operated more than 800 stores nationwide, and employed more than 30,000 staff. In late 2008, Woolworths entered administration, and subsequently closed in 2009. Each branch employed a mixture of full time and part time employees, and there was a distinct hierarchy apparent. At the top of the hierarchy was the head of branch responsible for the overall performance of the store. Then there were senior managers usually two present each day, they were responsible for the management of the general day to day operations of the branch. This included stock control, staff rotas, and the cashing of money at the end of the day. Full -time employees were next, and they tended to be middle aged, who worked week days. They were regularly delegated tasks by the management. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the part -time employees. They were often students, who worked during the evenings when the store was closed and at the weekends when the shop was busier. They were given little responsibility, as the majority of them were apathetic to the performance of the organisation. They were mainly there for financial reasons, rather than to pursue a career in retail. As the majority were students, the staff turnover was very high and this resulted in the management giving these employees few opportunities. This hierarchy was on the whole effective, as part time employees were happy to follow orders from full time employees and senior managers. Management at Woolworths were somewhat removed from their staff. Because of the informal hierarchical system in place, head of branch had little communication with part time employees. This meant that the management didnt know many of their staff on a personal level, which in turn resulted in a poor application of motivational methods. This report will look at the effects that management has on employee motivation at a particular branch of Woolworths. It will assess the different techniques used by the organisation as a whole, and by the branch managers, to motivate the employees. This report will also make a number of recommendations for ways in which management can motivate these employees more effectively in Woolworths future enterprises. HR/Organisational Behaviour Motivation In times of recession, the need to motivate staff is probably as strong as ever. As many employers wont have a large budget for recruiting and training staff, they will want to hang on to their most talented and skilled workers to ensure their business survives the recession and remains competitive in the upturn (Sullivan, 2009). Employees in any organisation need something to keep them working to the best of their ability. In most cases employees are driven by money. However, sometimes just a salary is not enough to stay at an organisation. An employee must be motivated to work for a company or organization. If an organisation fails to motivate its staff effectively, then productivity and quality of work will deteriorate. Keeping someone working to the best of their ability is the ultimate goal of employee motivation. There are many methods to help keep employees motivated, this report will look at a number of theories involving the effect that management has on employee motivation, and will aim to apply these to a branch of Woolworths. Motivating staff is one of the most important responsibilities for a leader in an organisation; however it is also one of the most difficult. Doing so goes a long way toward ensuring a professionally healthy and productive work environment (Staren, 2009). Because there were a large number of part-time student employees working at the branch of Woolworths, managements biggest challenge was to keep these particular staff motivated. It is common for younger employees to see this kind of job as simply a means to make money. As they have few financial responsibilities, they are less likely to feel the need to impress management and work to the best of their ability to keep their job. It is of the opinion that a low quality of service was a key factor in the ultimate failure of Woolworths. Because many staff were not motivated by their work, there was a knock-on effect on the quality of work carried out. This resulted in a poor customer feedback and most importantly a poor reputation. The emphasis was therefore on the management to try and change this impression. The following is a literature review of motivational theory. It will begin by looking at the factors of an employees job that most motivate them, followed by an in depth analysis of the effect of management on motivation. Literature Review What motivates an employee? In the early part of the 20th Century, employees were considered just another input in the production of goods and services. When Henry Ford first developed his assembly line for the Model-T, workers were treated as though they were another machine in the process, their skills reduced to a single task out of the 84 steps Ford had divided Model T production into. However this view of thinking changed after the publication of the Hawthorne Studies. Professor Elton Mayo examined the impact of work conditions in employee productivity, and following experiments conducted over six years, came to the conclusion that employees are motivated not only by money, and that employee behaviour is related to other behaviour. Studies in this area showed that â€Å"interesting work† has been the most important motivational factor. It is maintained by Hackman (1975) that interesting and challenging work inspires people to perform better than required, exerting additional effort in order to experience a sense of fulfilling their potential and accomplishing worthwhile ends. Creating interesting work might be a challenge for organisations however. According to Kovach (1989), its hard to make all work in an organisation interesting, as its on a personal level, and what may be interesting to one person may not be interesting to another. Situation plays an important role and motivation varies over time and situation as well. Kovachs study shows that younger workers with low incomes in non-supervisory positions were most concerned with money, job security and prospects of promotion while older workers with higher incomes and higher organisational positions were motivated more by the work and its quality. There have been many surveys conducted on the factors for employee motivation. The first of which was by the Labour Relations Institute of New York in 1946, on industrial employees. Appreciation of work done was most important motivating factor in the first survey, as well as in 1997. But in the last decade, good wages became the most common factor. Demographics, such as income and location, should be considered when analysing these attitudes, according to Wiley (1977). One of the key factors of a motivated workforce is the leadership they are given. Good management of staff can ensure an organisations employees work to the best of their ability. The role of leadership when motivating staff McGregor (1960) maintained that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory X, and generally get poor results. Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. With theory X, a manager has little respect for their employees skills and considers that they need to be closely supervised and that comprehensive systems of controls developed. A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. They assume that the average person dislikes work and will avoid it they can, therefore employees must be forced towards organisational objectives, with the threat of punishment. They also assume that employees prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibility and wants security above all else. Beliefs of this theory lead to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, and a punitive atmosphere. With theory Y, management believes employees to be ambitious, self-motivated and exercise self-control. It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. Theory Y managers believe that employees will learn to seek out and accept responsibility and to exercise self-control and self-direction in accomplishing objectives to which they are committed. An additional theory, Theory Z, was developed by William Ouchi, in his book 1981 Theory Z: How American management can Meet the Japanese Challenge. It promotes a combination of theory Y and modern Japanese management, which places a large amount of freedom and trust with workers, and assumes that workers have a strong loyalty and interest in team-working and the organisation. McGregors work can be related to McClellands achievement model. Due to their high task focus, achievement-motivated people have a tendency towards X-Theory style; however an nAch manager can be trained to see the value of employing Theory Y style. NPow managers are almost definitely Theory X and nAffil are typically Theory Y and if not can relatively easily be trained to be so. McGregors work was based on Maslows hierarchy of needs. This theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation. The original Hierarchy of Needs model was developed between 1943 and 1954, and first widely published in Motivation and Personality in 1954. It concerned the responsibility of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization). He proposed that each of us is motivated by needs, and that these most basic needs are inborn. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development. Conversely, if the things that satisfy our lower order needs are swept away, we are no longer concerned about the maintenance of o ur higher order needs. McGregor suggested that management could use either set of needs to motivate employees. As management theorists became familiar with Maslows work, they soon realized the possibility of connecting higher level needs to worker motivation. If organizational goals and individual needs could be integrated so that people would acquire self-esteem and, ultimately, self-actualization through work, then motivation would be self-sustaining. Today, his Theory Y principle influences the design of personnel policies, affects the way companies conduct performance reviews, and shapes the idea of pay for performance. David McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are developed over time and are fashioned by ones life experiences. The majority of these needs can be classed as either achievement (nAch seek to excel), affiliation (nAff need harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by others), or power (nPow seek to benefit either themselves or the organisation). An employees motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these needs. Management should seek to understand their employees needs in order to achieve maximum motivation. The importance of each of these needs will vary from one person to another. If management can determine the importance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help them decide how to influence that individual. By using these theories to address an individual employees needs, management could increase motivation by utilising Management by objectives (MBO). MBO is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources. It was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book The Practice of Management. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives. With MBO, managers focus on the result, not the activity. They delegate tasks by negotiating a contract of goals with their subordinates without dictating a detailed roadmap for implementation. Management by Objectives (MBO) is about setting objectives and then breaking these down into more specific goals or key results. Application of OB theory to its organisational practice This review of management practise has a number of implications for Woolworths management. Recognising the needs of individuals within the workforce can help management develop their methods and will enable them to get the best out of each individual employee. By using Maslows Hierarchy of needs, management might be able to profile their full time and part time employees effectively. By applying McClellands principle at the beginning of an employees career, management can get a deeper understanding of the profile of their employees. In the past, it could be assumed that all part-time staff have the same desires and needs from their job. It is fair to assume that they are all there for financial reasons only. However by applying this theory, it might be found that there are employees who wish to pursue the job and turn it into a career. They would fit into the nAch group of McClellands theory. Recognising this will give the management the opportunity to develop this employee and to hand them more responsibility in their work. This will motivate the employees which in turn will benefit the organisation. The majority of the part time workforce would fit into the nAff character, as they seek to have harmonious experiences and would seek to make their job as straightforward as possible by forming friendly relationships. It is the managements responsibility to ensure that the working environment is suitable for these employees, as they make up the majority. It is vital that the management recognises McGregors X and Y theory. At the branch of Woolworths in question, there were a number of managers who would fit the theory X character. In this particular field, where one of the key roles of management is communicating with their staff, this had a very negative effect. Although it would be fair for a manager to assume that many of their part time staff are apathetic to the organisations success, this is not the case. By not offering them any responsibility would not be a pragmatic decision, as it would simply deter staff further from reaching their potential ability at work. A theory Y character on the other hand may not be suitable for this type of work force as well. As accepted in this report, the majority of the part time workforce is there simply for financial reasons. Giving them too much responsibility may result in a lack of effectiveness, as they feel they can get away with doing a lacklustre job without being held responsible. Instead a mixture of theories X and Y might be the most suitable to manage a retail workforce, where the management might delegate responsibility to employees and give them some independence at work, whilst still keeping a close eye on their progress. The MBO style is appropriate for knowledge-based enterprises when your workforce are competent. It is appropriate in situations where you wish to build employees management and self-leadership skills and tap their creativity, tacit knowledge and initiative. Therefore it may not be suitable for the majority of employees at Woolworths. However the head of branch should have used this style to set regular objectives for their senior managers. This would have a positive effect on all employees in the hierarchy, as the senior managers will become more motivated and will in turn motivate the staff more effectively. Conclusion Lessons for management Successful work environments are characterized by open communication at all levels. The effective manager realizes that identifying positive motivators requires knowing his staff on an individual basis. He recognizes that what motivates one member, even in the same role, may not be the same for another (Staren, 2009). Woolworths management should have considered indentifying each of their employees needs and motivating factors early on in their role and ensured that they treated their workforce as individuals. Woolworths management should take advantage of incentive based motivational methods in which performance is guided by objectives. By meeting regularly with staff to determine mutually agreed upon goals and objectives, this could have considerable motivational effects on its workforce. The managers should have ensured that the staff members had appropriate authority or are otherwise empowered to proceed as they deem necessary to accomplish their jobs. Giving staff more responsibility will only have a positive effect on their motivation. The key is understanding the type of responsibility they desire.

The Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham Alabama :: Black Civil Rights Movement

Walls are built up all over the world. They have many purposes and uses. The most common use of a wall is to divide a region. One of these famous walls is the Berlin Wall, which was constructed in 1961. This Wall was erected to keep East Berlin out of West Berlin, and even America had its own wall well before this one. There were a few major differences though. America’s wall, in contrast, was not a physical one that kept capitalism from communism. America’s wall was of a psychological variety, and it spread across most of the nation. America’s wall was more of a curtain in the fact that one could easily pull it aside to see what behind it, but if one didn’t want to they didn’t. This curtain was what separated whites and blacks in America, and one famous writer, James Baldwin, felt there was a need to bring it down. He felt that one should bring it down while controlling his or her emotions caused by the division. One of the best places to see the bringing down of the curtain and the effects that it had on the nation is where the curtain was its strongest, in Birmingham, Alabama. Forty years ago there was an explosion of bombings in Alabama. These attacks on communities seemed endless, as endless the hate that had been brewing in Alabama itself. These attacks seemed to be concentrated in the city of Birmingham, which is the setting for a place where a very tragic event will happen, one that brought the attention of the world to the evil curtain within Birmingham. In the church bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church four little girls were killed in the blast on September 15th, 1963. Although this event started unrest and upheaval, by in the end it will have sparked the destruction of the curtain. To understand the why these youths were killed in Alabama, one must come to understand the events that led up to their death. Birmingham, Alabama was a very unstable area during the 1960’s, and this instability stemmed from pure racial hatred brewing within this city. Bombings started as early as the 1940’s and gave a section of Birmingham the nickname dynamite alley. The resulting civil unrest caused a man to step forward to stop it, a man by the name of Fred Shuttlesworth. Mr. Shuttlesworth was a part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and he organized many events and demonstrations but the only result that came from them was more violence.

Skepticism Essay -- Skeptic philosophy philosophers

Skepticism Skepticism is the Western philosophical tradition that maintains that human beings can never arrive at any kind of certain knowledge. Originating in Greece in the middle of the fourth century BC, skepticism and its derivatives are based on the following principles: There is no such thing as certainty in human knowledge. All human knowledge is only probably true, that is, true most of the time, or not true. Several non-Western cultures have skeptical traditions, particularly Buddhist philosophy, but properly speaking, skepticism refers only to a Greek philosophical tradition and its Greek, Roman, and European derivatives. The school of Skeptic philosophers were called the "Skeptikoi" in Greece. The word is derived from the Greek verb, "skeptomai," which means "to look carefully, to reflect." The hallmark of the skeptikoi was caution; they refused to be caught in assertions that could be proven false. In fact, the entire system of skeptic philosophy was to present all knowledge as opinion only, that is, to assert nothing as true. In this, they were firmly planted in a tradition started a century earlier by Socrates. Socrates claimed that he knew one and only one thing: that he knew nothing. So he would never go about making any assertions or opinions whatsoever. Instead, he set about questioning people who claimed to have knowledge, ostensibly for the purpose of learning from them, using a judicial cross-examination, called elenchus . If someone made an assertion, such as, "Virtue means acting in accordance with public morality, " he would keep questioning the speaker until he had forced him into a contradiction. As in a court of law, this contradiction proved that the speaker was lying in som... ...at a certain piece of knowledge, that piece of knowledge then becomes the basis for clearing up other doubts. Descartes systematic doubt became the basis of the Enlightenment and modern scientific tradition. One begins with a proposition, or hypothesis, that is in doubt and then tests that proposition until one arrives, more or less, at a certain conclusion. That does not, however, end the story. When confronted by the conclusions of others, one's job is to doubt those conclusions and redo the tests. Once a hypothesis has been tested and retested, then one can conclude that one has arrived at a "scientific truth." That, of course, doesn't end it, for all scientific truths can be doubted sometime in the future. In other words, although scientists speak about certainty and truth all the time, the foundational epistemology is skeptical: doubt anything and everything.

Letter to cousin requesting funding for new business

Dear Ms. Smith: I am sure you remember me although we have not seen each other for a long time. I am Jack Hanson, the son of your cousin Judith Hanson, born Smith. We last met at the Smith family reunion in Atlanta, Georgia – I was still an undergrad back then with big plans. Now I have arrived at a point in my life where I believe myself ready to make these big plans reality, and in the nearest future my friends and I plan to open a small local store that will specialize in special occasion gift baskets for individual and corporate clients. With my friends’ expertise and background and my enthusiasm I am positive that we will make our venture successful. A visit to the proposed location has convinced me that we have great opportunities ahead, and the uniqueness of our proposition will make it stand out from the competition. All we need to succeed is additional start-up capital to complement our resources. I have strong belief that if you agree to participate in the venture, we will be able to put your money to good use and bring you a nice return on your investment. As I stated above, we plan to launch a store that will sell gift baskets for individual and corporate clients. To make our offerings even more attractive, we want to add ethnic, natural beauty products and spa quality botanicals. This will add an original touch and make our gift assortment the best in the locality. We already have a plan to make the interior design of the store fascinating and comfortable to create for our customers an atmosphere of holiday which they step in buying gifts for their friends and colleagues. Our short-term goal is to build a reputation in the city of Bridgeport and neighboring towns; as soon as our business has the resources to expand, we will be willing to move beyond Bridgeport and possibly Connecticut. However, repayment of your investment will in any case take precedence. If you decide to invest, we can discuss several options. One is that you invest for seven years, and begin to receive interest on your investment starting with the 2nd year of the store’s operation and recoup the lump-sum after another five years. If you want to contribute for a longer time period, you will have an opportunity to share in the profit from the store for a longer time period, for instance, getting a percentage of the profit for 10 or more years. If I were you, I would choose the latter option, because, in my opinion, the store is ‘doomed’ to succeed.   First, the area is really rich in companies of different kinds, and all of them need to purchase gift baskets for their employees. Besides, I have driven around the streets for a few hours and found only two stores that could remotely be described as gift stores. Entering them, I discovered a meagre assortment of goods that will make it really difficult for them to compete with us. Basically, local people unwilling to travel large distances have to shop for gifts in department stores like Wal-Mart or Target, and these, as you know, are hardly the best place for gifts. Besides, to differentiate ourselves from the already present gift stores, we will offer customers a modern design and additional services, such as vintage packaging for their goods, at a modest price. I rely on the experience of my friend who for five years worked as assistant manager in a gift store, and he says that the place is ideal for the venture. Now I want to thank you for the time you invested in reading this letter. I assure you that I would not be offering you to take part in the project, did I not have deep trust that it will be a successful venture. I invite you to meet with me and my friends who want to participate and visit the place that we plan to rent for our store. We can also forward you a proposed catalog of our products at any time. We have already prepared a business plan in which we â€Å"back up our concepts with numbers† that I will be glad to forward to you as well (â€Å"75 StartUp Secrets†, 2006).   I hope that you will have a chance to evaluate all the pros and cons of this investment and decide to help us in this business. On my part, I can promise that the return will exceed any comparable return on other investment available. I will be glad to hear from you on this subject and meet in person, reviving old family ties and starting new business connections. Sincerely yours, Jack Hanson References 75 StartUp Secrets. (2006, March). Enterpreneur.com. Retrieved March 27, 2006, from http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/0,4621,326420,00.html Internal Revenue Service. Starting a Business. Retrieved March 27, 2006, from http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article

Comtemparory Business

There are many companies that make products that go head to head. Coca Cola and Pepsi are an example of such reveries. There has been many taste test and competitions that Involved the soda kings. This reverie has been going on for over a century. (See appendix 1) The start of this long standing soda war began 1 886 when creator John S. Pentameter developed the original recipe for Coke. Then 13 years later Pepsi creator pharmacist Caleb Abraham developed his formula. By this time Coca-Cola was already fulfilling order that totaled a million gallons per year.Coke hen continue to develop its iconic bottle in 1921, they then secured huge name endorsements deals, expanded to Europe and Cuba, Canada and Panama. In the Interim, peeps went bankrupt because of WI In 1923. Pepsi Is fully revived fully In 1931 and begin a campaign to rival coke back and forward. Although Pepsi never really tops Coke in soda sales the Pepsi Company is still more profitable than Coke due to their diversity of th e many other products they sell. Coke spends a half a billion more on advertising than Pepsi. (See appendix 2) (Basin, 2013) Corporate CulturePerformance with a purpose Is the PepsiCo corporate culture motto. The PepsiCo CEO, Indri K. Onion, states: Ethics and growth are connected is a broadly shared understanding in today's business world. But these words appeared in the PepsiCo Annual Report back in 1968?just three years after the Pepsi-Cola Company and the Frito-Lay Company merged to form PepsiCo. It is a testament to how long we have treasured the belief that corporate capabilities and corporate character are not Just Integrated, but Inseparable. (Company T. P. 2013) Here she Is stating that ethics Is an Intricate part of PepsiCo culture and It has en for many, many years. This is before it has been before it has been set and a standard in the business world today. She goes on to speak about how this ideal has made Pepsi the innovator and leader in such areas from civil rights t o scholarships to recycling. The Pepsi Company believes that its investment in the future by way of environmental protection, Investing back Into the community and performance with purpose keeps the company ahead of the global challenges shaping the industry.Coca Cola Company's President and COO Glen Walter states that: Since our first odd fountain sales in 1886, we have been a driver of marketplace innovation and an investor in local economies. Today we lead the beverage industry with more than 500 beverage brands including four of the world's top-five sparkling brands. But while our business opportunities are enormous, our commitment to our consumers and the communities In which we operate Is even greater. According to the website the company's focus is Sustainability and growth.The company strives to continue to be a leader of the soda world. The mission statement reads: Our Roadman starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. To refresh the world†¦ To create value and make a difference. (company T. C. , 2013) It seems that the Coca Cola Co does not talk about it ties and comments to the community and the future but Just to the sustainability of the company.The advisements appear to be community based it does not seem to resonate through the corporate culture. The difference of corporate culture seems to be Pepsi seems to embody forwardness of the company and community since sass's. Whereas n the other had Coca Cola seems to Just in the recent 20 years or so adopted the community with the development of its Coca Cola Foundation. Benefits of competition The battle between the two great giants has sparked new and innovative ways to stay above the competition.One example of a intense exchange that take place during the Cola Wars was Coca-Cola deciding to a strategic retreat minion, by publicizing its plans to bring back the original coke recipe after the introduction of New Coke. The wars also lead to Pepsi realizing that its grip on the soda world was not as evident ND they decided in 1965 to diversify and acquired ownership of Frito-lay Company. (Basin, 2013) Another benefit of the wars are the introduction in the late sass, Pepsi launched its most profitable long-term strategy of the Cola Wars, called Pepsi Stuff.This was a point system where Pepsi consumers drank Pepsi and received points to buy free Pepsi lifestyle merchandise. After researching the company launched the program and it gained instant success. Millions of patrons take part in the program. This move also made Pepsi highly popular and it outperformed Coke during the summer of the Atlanta Olympics which is in the hometown of Coke. Later in 2005 Coca-Cola and Pepsi started a â€Å"cyber-war† with the re-introduction of Pepsi Stuff in 2005 ; Coca-Cola strikes back with Coke Rewards.A third benefit is in 1985, Coca-Cola and Pepsi were launched into sp ace aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. The companies had invented special cans to test packaging and dispensing systems for use in zero G conditions. The experiment was classified a failure by the shuttle crew, primarily due to the lack of both refrigeration and gravity. But this pushed the companies and it lead to the invention of the Coca-Cola fountain dispenser. (Russell, 012) Continue to Thrive I speculate that Pepsi will continue to bill there brand threw the food brand versus just focusing on the soda side of things.Coca Cola now is focusing plans to focus on build its brand throughout the world and community. The Journey is called Me, We and the world. The company has made the statement that they are committed to grow the business in an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable way. (Company T. C. , 2013) These statements are a part of their investment sustainability plan. The soda wars have gone on for centuries and although never company will admit o the ongo ing competition, they both are innovators in the world of business and will continue to forge on to success.

Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

Academic Integrity and Plagiarism Hector J. Roman Walden University Academic Integrity and Plagiarism This paper contains the policies and expectations of the normal behavior as a student at Walden University. These are guidelines to follow not only as an online learner bur as a person. Also, will explain the prohibitions and consequences of committing plagiarism. â€Å"Try not to become a man of success but rather to become a man of value. â€Å"(Albert Einstein). Academic Integrity and Plagiarism Integrity is moral behavior. When we were kids, our fathers started to teach us to talk, walk, express ourselves and how to behave.To be respectful to other people, follow the rules and always trying to do the right thing was and is a top priority. Those words and actions still have a meaning. In an academic environment, those rules apply as well. Doing wrong was and always has been punishable and, for a student pursuing a doctoral degree can be devastating. Nontraditional education like online learning or distance education can put any student in a compromising position and for that, Walden University puts a lot of emphasis on academic integrity.In the Oxford American College Dictionary, a meaning of the word integrity is defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. To acknowledge this belief is a first step that can lead to success and Walden University Student’s Handbook reassures students its importance. To be respectful and honest are fundamental ideals. Integrity should be important for all students and faculty, as well. Having integrity will help in the development of a character. In an online learning environment, even absorbing those values and ideals, can put a student in a difficult situation unconsciously or by accident.Not knowing cannot prevent you from falling short and this matter can and will lead to plagiarism. Plagiarism is copying or stealing someone else’s work and makes it your own. Walden University ’s Handbook explains it as the use of intellectual material produced by another person without acknowledging its source. Matthews and Mathews (2008) explain plagiarism as the act of taking words or ideas that someone else has written and trying to present them as one’s own. Another term to look out in that same direction is self-plagiarism.Self-plagiarism is rewriting you own work. Self-plagiarism is presented in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association as a practice of presenting one’s own previously published work as though it were new. In other is stealing intellectual property. The best way to avoid plagiarism is to acknowledge the source. When doing online research you can find a great amount of articles, websites, or electronics books about the same topic. The tendency is to think that the instructor or teacher cannot or could not find the source. That is not true.Technological resources like Turnitin or Walden Writing Centerâ€℠¢s Grammarly can give you the tools needed to prevent plagiarism and not fail. These applications are used to search any suspicious expressions. Student’s Handbook recommended to contact a faculty mentor, course instructor, or academic advisor. In other words, academic integrity and plagiarism goes hand in hand. To be aware and apply these aspects is another step that can lead you to a successful academic and working career. Also, will show you as a genuine person creative enough to contribute with quality ideas.Those same ideas will be used as a reference in the future. As a prospective author, you will want to be recognized and your thoughts used as reference, as well. References Matthews, J. , and Matthews, R. (2008). Sccessful Scientific Writing : A Step-by-step Guide for the Biological and Medical Sciences Success eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Oxford American College Dictionary. (2002). Copyright  © 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) Wal den University Students’s Handbook retrieved from www. waldenu. edu

Beneath and Beyond the Crisis of the Humanities Essay

Course review Introduction                   The primary focus of the humanities class was the exploration of the vast array of issues and topics, especially those related to the culture of humans. In particular, the course exposed the learners to knowledge of the world, and the ways in which the members of society have developed the knowledge and ideologies. The areas of study that were explored during the course of the class included: human history, the politics of society, the world as a whole, and the philosophies developed by different groups and communities (Hariton 178). The class also explored a variety of focal areas, including those used as social lenses for the fashioning of the phenomena studied during the course. The fields that were explored as the lenses used for studying the human world and culture include religion, the channels utilized for communication and the literatures that are used as vehicles of knowledge (Harpham 21).                   The class in humanities has demonstrated its importance for all students in many ways. Firstly, the exposure and knowledge communicated to the humanities’ class was an essential ingredient in widening the analytical abilities needed to navigate other subjects and areas of study. For example, as a scholar of the humanities, it became easier to operate efficiently, as a member of a multicultural team. The scope of the humanities course was important in expanding the skills of communication, both in the areas of written and oral exchange. Through the exposure and the dissection of different studies and phenomena, students were able to conceive the interconnectedness of various knowledge areas. Examples of the practical skills learned included the importance of communication in all other circles of society. The study of global corporations and cultures was very helpful (Harpham 32). The uses of the knowledge included that it fostered the understanding of the various perspectives and knowledge systems studied and encountered in school and society. Through the knowledge developed from other cultures and corporations, learners developed more appreciation for other cultures, their arts, and literature. These constructions are a significant aspect to develop a global understanding of society and its workings. The exposure gained from the humanities class increased the student’s abilities of engaging in value clarification, which deepens the knowledge and wisdom acquired. Examples of the skills learned included those of overcoming failures and difficulties, towards victory – from the information obtained from the lives, experiences of others, and groups. For example, many lessons came from the lives of historical people like Plato and politicians like Abraham Lincoln. More importantly, the class offered the platform needed to cultivate the exchange with great minds like Plato, among others.                   The exposure to the class changed my perspective in a variety of ways. The change of view and outlook, as we navigated through the class included that there is a unique aspect of the nature of all societies. However, the fundamentals of organizations are almost exact copies from one to another. During the beginning of the course, it was easy to reach unfounded conclusions about the Islamic world, from the nature of modernization insurgences. The unwarranted conclusions included that Islam was anti-modernization, due to the attention accorded to normative issues and religious principles. However, after learning about the plurality of societies, it became apparent that the west defined Islam using Western stereotypes and Islam also did the same. The outcomes included the radicalism expressed by people like Ayattulah Khumeini (Hariton 178). The willingness of the East to participate in the modernization has been evidenced by the development of multicultural metros, including Dubai among others. The experience and the dissection of the core of the problems and the criticism channeled against Islam made the topic in Islam a imperative revelation. The themes that appealed to my zeal for knowledge included the fundamentalism of the Islamic world, traditions, and social systems. The emergence of Islam-fashioned modernism is another area that calls for more personal study (Hariton 178). References Hariton, Leon. Humanities 101. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse LLC, 2013. Print. Harpham, Geoffrey. â€Å"Beneath and Beyond the Crisis of the Humanities.† New Literary History, 36 (2005): 21-36. Source document